Worldwide dietary patterns and their association with socioeconomic data: an ecological exploratory study.

BACKGROUND: Dietary patterns are associated with health outcomes and environment sustainability, having socioeconomic drivers. This ecological study aims to identify dietary patterns in food availability data at the global level using multivariate statistical methodology, to associate the identified dietary patterns with socioeconomic data and to analyze the adequacy of the applied multivariate statistical methods for this purpose. METHODS: Principal Component Analysis was applied to median values of times series of food availability data of 172 UN registered countries available at FAOSTAT database in Food Balance Sheets section in a sectional manner, after calculating median values of time series for each food group and country. Principal Components were associated with socioeconomic data available from the World Bank database. Sensitivity analyses were realized to verify the stability of dietary patterns through five different times. RESULTS: Five principal components were identified in the median values of each time series, each characterizing a possible dietary pattern. The first one, a westernized dietary pattern, was composed of energy-dense and processed foods, foods of animal origin, alcoholic beverages, but also, albeit less, by vegetables, fruits and nuts, being associated with income, urbanization and trade liberalization. This westernized pattern was characterized more animal origin and processed foods, such as vegetable oils, alcoholic beverages and stimulants yet preserving unprocessed and regional foods. The other dietary patterns were three agricultural patterns characterized more by regional foods, especially starchy staples, and one coastal dietary pattern composed of fish and seafoods, being associated with GINI index, poverty, and female labor force. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated the stability of dietary patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Principal Component Analysis was adequate to identify dietary patterns in food availability data. A westernized dietary pattern was identified, being associated with income, urbanization, and trade liberalization. This association did not occur for the remain of the dietary patterns identified, these being less driven by economic development.

Association of vitamin A with anemia and serum hepcidin levels in children aged 6 to 59 mo.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the association of serum retinol, hepcidin levels, and anemia in children. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 312 children, ages 6 to 59 mo, from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The association between hepcidin and retinol levels, hematologic parameters, and body mass index (BMI) was analyzed using a generalized linear model with and without adjustment for C-reactive protein (CRP) level. Logistic regression analysis was used to test anemia as an outcome and serum retinol level as a predictive variable using the odds ratio (OR) function. RESULTS: Anemia was present in 14.6% of the children, 5.8% presented iron deficiency anemia, and 9.6% had vitamin A deficiency. The increase in serum retinol levels reduced the chances of anemia (OR = 0.13; confidence interval = 0.29-0.59). When CRP level was not adjusted for in the multiple regression analyses, retinol, ferritin levels, and BMI/age were predictors of serum hepcidin levels (ß = -3.36, 0.14, 1.02, respectively; P = 0.032). Accordingly, serum retinol levels were inversely associated with CRP levels (ß = -0.025 and P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The association between serum retinol and hepcidin levels in children ages 6 to 59 mo seems to be dependent on inflammation. Taken together, the results reinforce the need for the development of further studies to better understand the relationship between vitamin A and anemia of inflammation.

Hand hygiene in high-complexity sectors as an integrating element in the combat of Sars-CoV-2.

OBJECTIVE: to perform a situational diagnosis of the behavior of health professionals concerning hand hygiene practices in highly-complex sectors. METHODS: this quantitative and retrospective study was based on reports (2016 and 2017) of Adult and Pediatric ICUs of a Federal hospital in Rio de Janeiro. RESULTS: one thousand two hundred fifty-eight opportunities for hand hygiene were analysed. The chance of professionals sanitizing hands in Pediatric ICUs is 41.61% higher than in Adult ICUs. Concerning proper hand hygiene, the medical team had a 39.44% lower chance than the nursing team. Others had a 30.62% lower chance when compared to the nursing team. The moment "after contact with the patient" presented 4.5275 times the chance in relation "before contact with the patient". CONCLUSION: in front of hand hygiene recommendations to control COVID-19, diagnostic assessment and previous analysis of the behavior of professionals proved to be positive.

Hand hygiene in high-complexity sectors as an integrating element in the combat of Sars-CoV-2 / Higiene de las manos en sectores de alta complejidad como elemento integrador en el combate del Sras-CoV-2 / Higiene das mãos em setores de alta complexidade como elemento integrador no combate do Sars-CoV-2

ABSTRACT Objective: to perform a situational diagnosis of the behavior of health professionals concerning hand hygiene practices in highly-complex sectors. Methods: this quantitative and retrospective study was based on reports (2016 and 2017) of Adult and Pediatric ICUs of a Federal hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Results: one thousand two hundred fifty-eight opportunities for hand hygiene were analysed. The chance of professionals sanitizing hands in Pediatric ICUs is 41.61% higher than in Adult ICUs. Concerning proper hand hygiene, the medical team had a 39.44% lower chance than the nursing team. Others had a 30.62% lower chance when compared to the nursing team. The moment "after contact with the patient" presented 4.5275 times the chance in relation "before contact with the patient". Conclusion: in front of hand hygiene recommendations to control COVID-19, diagnostic assessment and previous analysis of the behavior of professionals proved to be positive.

RESUMEN Objetivo: realizar un diagnóstico situacional del comportamiento de los profesionales de la salud con respecto a las prácticas de higiene de manos en sectores altamente complejos. Métodos: estudio cuantitativo, retrospectivo, basado en informes (años 2016 y 2017) de los sectores de UCI Adultos y Pediátricos de un hospital federal en Rio de Janeiro. Resultados: se analizaron 1.258 oportunidades de higiene de manos. La posibilidad de un lavado de manos profesional en la UCI Pediátrica es 41.61% mayor que en la UCI Adultos. Con respecto a la higiene de las manos, el equipo médico tuvo una probabilidad 39.44% menor que el equipo de enfermería y otros tuvieron una probabilidad 30.62% menor en comparación con el equipo de enfermería. El momento "después del contacto con el paciente" fue 4.5275 veces mayor que "antes del contacto con el paciente". Conclusión: contra la recomendación de higiene de manos en el control de COVID-19, la evaluación diagnóstica y el análisis previo del comportamiento de los profesionales resultaron ser positivos.

RESUMO Objetivo: realizar um diagnóstico situacional do comportamento de profissionais de saúde quanto às práticas de higienização das mãos em setores de alta complexidade. Métodos: estudo quantitativo, retrospectivo, baseado em relatórios (anos de 2016 e 2017) dos setores CTI Adulto e Pediátrico de um hospital Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Resultados: analisaram-se 1.258 oportunidades para higiene das mãos. A chance de um profissional higienizar as mãos no CTI Pediátrico é 41,61% maior que no CTI Adulto. Quanto higienizar as mãos adequadamente, a equipe médica obteve chance 39,44% menor que a equipe de enfermagem e outros tiveram chance 30,62% menor quando comparada à equipe da enfermagem. O momento "após o contato com o paciente" apresentou 4,5275 vezes a chance em relação a "antes do contato com o paciente". Conclusão: frente à recomendação da higiene das mãos no controle da COVID-19, avaliação diagnóstica e análise prévia do comportamento dos profissionais demonstrou ser positiva.

Monitoramento da adesão à higiene das mãos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva / Monitoring hand hygiene adherence in an intensive care unit / Monitoreo de la adhesión a la higiene de las manos en una unidad de terapia intensiva

Objetivo: caracterizar a adesão da prática de higienização das mãos pelos profissionais de saúde. Método: estudo transversal, com a equipe multidisciplinar da unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital do Rio de Janeiro, entre janeiro e fevereiro de 2017. A coleta de dados foi através da observação direta com um formulário adaptado. Foram realizadas 165 observações analisadas pelo software R. O projeto foi aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: em 13% das observações foi alcançado o padrão ouro que corresponde a higiene das mãos antes e após o contato com o paciente com a técnica correta. Todas as categorias profissionais realizaram mais a higienização das mãos após o contato com o paciente. Conclusão: verificou-se baixa taxa de adesão à higienização das mãos pelos profissionais de saúde. Contudo, a categoria enfermeiro é a que mais higieniza as mãos antes e após o contato com o paciente, conforme a técnica correta.

Objective: to characterize health professionals' adherence to hand hygiene procedure. Method: this cross-sectional study with the multidisciplinary team of an intensive care unit at a hospital in Rio de Janeiro was conducted between January and February 2017. Data were collected in 165 direct observations using an adapted form, and analyzed by R software. The project was approved by the research ethics committee. Results: the gold standard (hand hygiene before and after contact with the patient using the correct technique) was achieved in 13% of the observations. All categories of health personnel performed hand hygiene more after contact with the patient. Conclusion: the rate of adherence to hand hygiene by health professionals was low. However, the category that most hygienized hands before and after contact with patients, using the correct technique, was nurses.

Objetivo: caracterizar la adhesión de la práctica de higienización de las manos por los profesionales de salud. Método: estudio transversal, con el equipo multidisciplinario de la unidad de terapia intensiva de un hospital de Río de Janeiro, entre enero y febrero de 2017. La recolección de datos fue a través de la observación directa con un formulario adaptado. Fueron realizadas 165 observaciones analizadas por el software R. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados: en el 13% de las observaciones se alcanzó el patrón oro que corresponde a la higiene de las manos antes y después del contacto con el paciente, utilizando la técnica correcta. Todas las categorías profesionales realizaron más la higienización de las manos después del contacto con el paciente. Conclusión: se verificó baja tasa de adhesión a la higienización de las manos por los profesionales de salud. Sin embargo, la categoría enfermera es la que más higieniza las manos antes y después del contacto con el paciente según la técnica correcta.

The representation of getting ill in adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus.

INTRODUCTION: This study, developed in a federal hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro, has aimed to analyze the social representation of chronic disease and its treatment, in the perspective of adolescents and their caregivers. METHODS: The sample consisted of 31 adolescents (11-21 years) with systemic lupus erythematosus and 19 caregivers (32-66 years), followed in the pediatrics and in the internal medicine outpatient clinics for a period of six months. Data was collected from the free association of words test, using chronic disease and treatment of chronic disease impulses, and later submitted to the Multiple Correspondence Analysis using the R software. RESULTS: The group of adolescents associated the impulse chronic disease with the words medication, bad, illness, difficulty, no cure, faith and joy; and in the group of caregivers, to care, treatment, no cure and the word 'no'. The impulse treatment of chronic disease was associated, in the group of adolescents, with the words patience, improvement, help, affection, care and bad; and in the group of caregivers, to caring, hope, schedule, knowledge, obedience, medication, professional and improvement. Caregivers also associated impulses and words according to age: chronic disease was associated with the word care (over 61 years), pain and impotence (42-61 years), treatment (22-41 years); and treatment of chronic disease, with the words strength (over 61 years), professional, knowledge and improvement (42-61 years), affection and schedule (22-41 years). CONCLUSIONS: Considering as subjective and dynamic the experience of getting ill, knowing the representations can contribute to the orientation of conduct and type of psychotherapeutic intervention needed.

The representation of getting ill in adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus / A representação do adoecer em adolescentes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico

ABSTRACT Introduction: This study, developed in a federal hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro, has aimed to analyze the social representation of chronic disease and its treatment, in the perspective of adolescents and their caregivers. Methods: The sample consisted of 31 adolescents (11–21 years) with systemic lupus erythematosus and 19 caregivers (32–66 years), followed in the pediatrics and in the internal medicine outpatient clinics for a period of six months. Data was collected from the free association of words test, using chronic disease and treatment of chronic disease impulses, and later submitted to the Multiple Correspondence Analysis using the R software. Results: The group of adolescents associated the impulse chronic disease with the words medication, bad, illness, difficulty, no cure, faith and joy; and in the group of caregivers, to care, treatment, no cure and the word ‘no’. The impulse treatment of chronic disease was associated, in the group of adolescents, with the words patience, improvement, help, affection, care and bad; and in the group of caregivers, to caring, hope, schedule, knowledge, obedience, medication, professional and improvement. Caregivers also associated impulses and words according to age: chronic disease was associated with the word care (over 61 years), pain and impotence (42–61 years), treatment (22–41 years); and treatment of chronic disease, with the words strength (over 61 years), professional, knowledge and improvement (42–61 years), affection and schedule (22–41 years). Conclusions: Considering as subjective and dynamic the experience of getting ill, knowing the representations can contribute to the orientation of conduct and type of psychotherapeutic intervention needed.

RESUMO Introdução: Esse estudo, feito em um hospital federal na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, teve por objetivo analisar a representação social da doença crônica e de seu tratamento, na perspectiva de adolescentes e de seus cuidadores. Métodos: A amostra consistiu de 31 adolescentes (11–21 anos) com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico e 19 cuidadores (32–66 anos), seguidos em serviços pediátricos e de clínica médica durante seis meses. Foram coletados dados com a aplicação do Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras, com o uso dos impulsos doença crônica e tratamento da doença crônica, mais tarde submetidos à Análise de Correspondência Múltipla com o uso do programa de computador R. Resultados: O grupo de adolescentes associou o impulso doença crônica com as palavras remédio, ruim, doença, dificuldade, sem cura, fé, e alegria; e o grupo de cuidadores com as palavras carinho, tratamento, sem cura, e com a palavra “não”. O impulso tratamento da doença crônica foi associado, no grupo de adolescentes, com as palavras paciência, melhoria, ajuda, afeto, carinho e ruim; e, no grupo dos cuidadores, com as palavras carinho, esperança, horário, conhecimento, obediência, remédio, profissional e melhoria. Os cuidadores também associaram os impulsos e palavras de acordo com a faixa etária: doença crônica foi associado à palavra carinho (> 61 anos), dor e impotência (42–61 anos), tratamento (22–41 anos); e tratamento da doença crônica foi associado às palavras força (> 61 anos), profissional, conhecimento e melhoria (42–61 anos), afeto e horário (22–41 anos). Conclusões: Considerando a experiência do adoecer como subjetiva e dinâmica, o conhecimento das representações pode contribuir para a orientação da conduta e tipo de intervenção psicoterapêutica necessária.